Databay field notes
Proxy guides, experiments & operator notes
Engineering guides and first-party measurements for people operating proxy-backed data systems.
- 01Guides19
- 02Tutorials12
- 03Comparisons4
- 04Research5
Newest update Aug 04, 2026 · methodology-open research
403 Forbidden Error: What It Means and How to Fix It
A 403 Forbidden error means the server understood your request and refused it. What causes it, and the fix for visitors, developers, and site owners.
12 min readRead articleAll articles
40 entries
429 Error Code (Too Many Requests): How to Fix It
HTTP 429 means you sent requests faster than the server allows. What triggers it, how long it lasts, and the fix for users, developers...
11 min readRead
What Is Captive.apple.com? Apple's Wi-Fi Check Explained
Captive.apple.com is how Apple devices detect Wi-Fi login pages. Why it pops up, what the Success page means, and fixes when portals stick.
10 min readRead
Checking the Proxy and the Firewall: Fix the Chrome Error
Chrome shows this when a configured proxy fails. Find whether a proxy is set, remove leftovers you never wanted, and fix the one you...
10 min readRead
curl Error 7 and 56: Exit Codes Explained and Fixed
curl exit code 7 is a connection failure, not a timeout. What codes 6, 7, 28 and 56 each prove about a request, and how to fix each.
12 min readRead
ECONNREFUSED: Meaning, the localhost Trap, and Fixes
ECONNREFUSED means a reachable machine answered no. Read the address and port fields, rule out the localhost dual-stack trap, then fix...
11 min readRead
ERR_CONNECTION_REFUSED: What It Means and How to Fix It
ERR_CONNECTION_REFUSED means the server answered no, instantly. What refusal tells you, the localhost case, and ranked fixes for each side.
10 min readRead
ERR_CONNECTION_RESET: What It Means and How to Fix It
ERR_CONNECTION_RESET means the connection opened and was then killed by a TCP reset. How to tell who sent it, and the fix that follows.
12 min readRead
ERR_CONNECTION_TIMED_OUT: What It Is and How to Fix It
ERR_CONNECTION_TIMED_OUT means pure silence before the browser gave up. How silence differs from refusal and the fixes that match each...
10 min readRead
ERR_NAME_NOT_RESOLVED: What It Means and How to Fix It
ERR_NAME_NOT_RESOLVED means DNS returned no address, so your browser never connected. Two commands that localize it, then the fixes that...
12 min readRead
ERR_TOO_MANY_REDIRECTS: How to Break a Redirect Loop
The browser gave up on a redirect loop. Fix it as a visitor in two minutes, see the loop with curl, and repair the server rules causing it.
10 min readRead
ERR_TUNNEL_CONNECTION_FAILED: Causes and How to Fix It
ERR_TUNNEL_CONNECTION_FAILED means a proxy would not open the CONNECT tunnel HTTPS needs. What a tunnel is, and fixes ranked by the real...
12 min readRead
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